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Feathers,
the principal covering of birds, are of flat, almost two-dimensional
construction.
They have a hard, tubular quill shaft from one end to the other.
As a 2-D structure, feathers are unable to trap air effectively
and therefore have little insulation value.
Feathers are strong as a result of a vane center, however, feathers
have little softness value. Down
is the light, fluffy undercoating of waterfowl, consisting of
clusters of filaments growing from central quill points.
A Down cluster has a quill point but no quill shaft, so it is
far more resilient than a feather.
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Down
is lighter than a feather, it is three-dimensional rather than
two and therefore Down has more loft or filling power.
When Down is compressed, a good shake is all it needs to make
it bounce right back to its original fluffy loft.
Why is Fill power so important to determining the quality
of a down? Because the big trick to insulation is trapping
air. The more air that is trapped, the better insulation you
have, If you have a 700 fill power down, that means it will
"trap" 700 cubic inches of air. If it is a 550 fill power
down, it will only trap 550 cubic inches of air, and require
more weight of this fill to equal the warmth of the 700 fill
power quality.
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A single ounce of Down contains thousands of clusters that trap
warm, still air to prevent heat loss. What is Fill Power? Fill
Power measures the cubic inches one ounce of a given quality
of down will occupy. The more cubic inches one ounce occupies,
the better the quality of that down.
Example: Which will occupy more space (i.e. cubic inches), one
ounce of cotton balls or one ounce of salt? The cotton, of course.
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